What is Bitumen?
Bitumen is a viscous, solid, or nonvolatile liquid. Bitumen is a complex and complected colloid system, the chemical properties of that are determined by the properties of crude oil by which it’s produced. Pure bitumen is a colloid dispersion of microscopic asphalt particles in oil (dispersion agent).
The chemical composition of bitumen is a mixture of various hydrocarbons with molecules of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Hydrocarbons present in bitumen are mostly condensed aromatic rings and naphthene with a small number of side paraffin chains.
Mass fraction of hydrocarbons is 75-85%, oxygen 2-8%, hydrogen 9-10%, nitrogen 0.1-0.5%, and sulphur 5-7%. Bitumen is completely or partially soluble in various organic solvents. Dissolved fractions of bitumen in a solvent are called maltenes or petrolenes, and undissolved fractions are called asphaltenes.
The maltenes are a mixture of oil and resins, and they are a dispersing agent. For the most part, the physical properties of bitumen depend on the dispersion degree of asphaltenes In maltenes. It gradually softens as It is heated. Bitumen Is brown or black, waterproof, and it is good adhesive.
Bitumen can be obtained in several ways, which depends on the economy of certain processes under the actual conditions. The majority of bitumen is produced by treatment of an appropriate atmospheric residue in the vacuum distillation unit.
Bitumen is a residue of vacuum distillation, and its hardness depends on the composition of the heavy oil distillates. In addition to vacuum residue, the raw materials for bitumen production can be asphalt produced by a deasphalting process, slurry oil, and extract produced by the solvent extraction process.
If asphalt, slurry oil, and extract are mixed with vacuum residue, which is obtained from a particular raw material, and then they are oxidized by air, various bitumen types are obtained. Oxidized bitumen is less temperature sensitive than bitumen obtained by mixing of particular fractions.
Oxidation of bitumen results in partial dehydrogenation of asphaltenes, which creates long chains of asphaltenes molecules by polymerization and condensation reactions.
Harder bitumen is produced by oxidation. The desired quality of hard bitumen cannot be produced from too soft raw material by oxidation. Bitumen types depend on the volatility of oil substances in bitumen. A small amount of volatile oil substances makes bitumen harder and more brittle.
Bitumen has multiple uses (road construction, isolation mate-rial), so it is very important for bitumen to have good adhesivity, i.e., to adhere very well to stone, metal, wood, paper, and other substrates. Adhesivity depends on chemical content, viscosity, bitumen colloid state, and chemical and physical properties of the substrate.
Thermal properties of bitumen, such as specific heat and thermal conductivity, are important in the manufacturing of insulating materials.
Bitumen Types:
- Road Construction Bitumen
- Industrial Bitumen
- Polymer Modified Bitumen
- Bitumen EmulsionÂ
- Other types of Bitumen
- Penetration Grade Bitumen
- Oxidized Bitumen Grades
- Cut Back Bitumen
Road Construction Bitumen
Road Construction Bitumen
Road construction bitumen is used for the construction of roads and highways. There are many types of road construction bitumen, which are determined by penetration point and softening point. Types of road construction bitumen with their basic properties are shown below the table.
| Properties | 20/30 | 30/45 | 35/50 | 50/70 | 70/100 | 100/150 | 160/220 |
| Penetration (0.1 mm) | 20-30 | 30-45 | 35-50 | 50-70 | 70-100 | 100-150 | 160-220 |
| Ring & Ball | 55-63 | 52-60 | 50-58 | 46-54 | 43-51 | 39-47 | 30-38 |
| Breaking point (oC) | – | -5 | -5 | -8 | -10 | -12 | -15 |
| Viscosity (mm2/s) | 530 | 400 | 370 | 295 | 230 | 175 | 135 |
| Flashpoint (oC) | 240 | 240 | 240 | 230 | 230 | 230 | 220 |
Specifications of road construction bitumen
It is evident that softer road construction bitumen’s 100/150 and 160/200 have lower softening points, lower breaking points, and lower viscosity. In the production of the road construction bitumen, a fraction of the vacuum residue has to be at least 60%, and a fraction of the asphalt and extract can be the most up to 20%.
Road construction bitumen 160/220 is the only bitumen that can be produced without the oxidation. All the other road construction bitumen from 20/30 to 100/150 can be produced only by oxidation. The most suitable crude oils for bitumen production are crude oils of naphthene and mixed base.
Bitumen of desired quality cannot be produced from paraffin crude oil of Libyan, Algerian, and Azeri type. Bitumen of the best quality is produced from the crude oil of Boscan, Bachaquero, Lagotreco, and Lagunillas (Venezuela) type.
Vacuum residue yield, i.e., bitumen from these crude oils, is 27-61% w/w. In addition to these crude oils, high-quality bitumen is also produced from the Middle East crude oils (Arabian light, Iraq, and Kuwait).
Industrial Bitumen
Industrial Bitumen 80/100
Industrial bitumens are produced from the vacuum residue with the addition of oil components by the oxidation process, i.e., air blowing. In the production of industrial bitumen, there has to be 60-70% w/w of bitumen and 30.40% of oil components in the mixture. Oil components are added in order to achieve a certain high penetration point.
The application of bitumen in the industry is multiple and versatile. It is used because it is water-resistant, durable, and resistant to chemical reactions.
Industrial bitumen is used in construction for insulation, making of roof cardboards, impregnation, internal plumbing protection, external plumbing protection, waterproof papers production, and they are also used in electro-industry, rubber industry, for making of protection coats, sealing masses, etc. Types of industrial bitumen with their basic properties are shown below the table.
| Properties | 75/30 | 85/25 | 85/40 | 95/30 | 100/25 | 115/15 | 125/30 |
| Penetration (0.1 mm) | 25-35 | 20-30 | 35-45 | 25-35 | 20-35 | 10-20 | 20-35 |
| Ring & Ball | 70-80 | 80-90 | 80-90 | 90-100 | 100-110 | 100-110 | 120-130 |
| Breaking point (oC) | -12 | -10 | -20 | -15 | -15 | -10 | -20 |
| Flash point (oC) | 230 | 240 | 240 | 240 | 240 | 250 | 260 |
Types and properties of industrial bitumenÂ
It is clear that industrial bitumens are hard (low penetration point), have high softening points, and low breaking points, which are all good properties with respect to their application.
Polymer Modified Bitumen
Polymer Modified Bitumen
In the case of the road construction and industrial bitumen, it is clear that the worst properties are: softening at higher temperatures, poor mechanical and elastic characteristics. In order to improve the resistance to mechanical impact, increase cohesion, improve break-ing resistance, and improve elasticity, it is necessary to add certain polymers to bitumen.
Polymers should not significantly improve the viscosity of the bitumen mixture. Chemical compatibility of bitumen and polymers has to be satisfactory so that the separation of phases does not happen. The best and most used polymer is styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS).
SBS polymer is thermoplastic polymer based on styrene and butadiene and their polymerization insolvent, which is characterized by block structure, which has a radial or linear arrangement with polybutadiene phase in the middle and polystyrene block at the ends.
The radial shape has a more compact molecule than linear shape, which ensures its much higher molecular weight without breaking the limiting value of viscosity. Almost all polymer/bitumen mixtures are two-phase systems. Polymer density is always lower than bitumen density, so the polymer phase is on the top, and the bitumen phase is on the bottom.
The chemical composition of bitumen plays an important role in the production of polymeric bitumen. Lack of aromatic compounds in bitumen (vacuum residue from paraffin crude oil) is the reason why permanently homogenous mixtures with SBS cannot often be obtained, or colloid structure of bitumen is disturbed.
The blending of the relatively small amount of SBS into bitumen results in an increase of the working range with bitumen and its elasticity.For the existence of the stable homogenous mixture of bitumen and polymer combination of components is very important. Polymer blend-ing with bitumen slows down the bitumen aging process. Since aging is mostly an oxidation process, polymers with double bonds react with oxygen.
They are the inhibitors of oxidation of bitumen components because they protect sensible bitumen components from oxidation. The stability of the polymer and bitumen mixture also depends on asphaltene content. To have a stable colloid bitumen structure, asphaltenes need to swell in the solution of aromatic and naphthene-aromatic hydrocarbons.
If bitumen contains a small amount of aromatic in a bitumen-polymer mixture, three phases can form asphaltene precipitate at the bottom, bitumen without asphaltene in the middle, and polymers particles on the top. Therefore, an aromatic component of extract or heavy cyclic oil type is added during the polymeric bitumen production, which will enable the stability and homogeneity of the mixture.
This is particularly important in storing the polymeric bitumen because phase separation can happen due to instability. Polymeric bitumen cannot be stored or transported for a long period of time because of this.
There are four methods of polymeric bitumen production:
- A direct blending of polymers with bitumen
- Blending of previously swollen polymers with bitumen
- Addition of monomers to bitumen and polymerization in bitumenÂ
- Addition of multipurpose polymers based additives to bitumen so they would blend more easily.
The most often used method is a direct polymer and bitumen blend-ing inside the mixing tank.
In road construction bitumen, the requests for roads which are under heavy load are:
- Improved flexibility at low temperatures
- Improved resistance to permanent deformation
- Improved resistance to cracking due to fatigue of material
- Improved wear-resistance
- Improved age resistance
All these requirements are solved with polymeric bitumen. Polymeric bitumen can be produced in the refineries (fixed unit) or on building sites (mobile unit). A fraction of styrene-butadiene-styrene polymer in polymeric road constructing bitumen is 3-15% w/w. The temperature of polymeric bitumen blending is 180-200 °C.
Too high temperature has a negative influence because the produced mixture can become brittle after the bitumen hardness and because of oxidation degradation of polymers. Polymer dispersion has a huge influence on thermal conditions.
Bitumen EmulsionÂ
Bitumen EmulsionÂ
Bitumen emulsion is the mixture of bitumen (50-70%), water, and 0.5% 1.0% emulsion agent, which is the most often a soap. Bitumen emulsions are used cold during the road construction and for industrial purposes. Emulsions that are used for road construction are made from bitumen, which has penetration point 200-300.
Emulsions have to be stable inside the storage and during transportation, and they also have to have defined viscosity in order to prevent bursting. Road construction bitumen emulsions contain about 70% of binding matter, and they burst at 80 °C.
Industrial emulsions, in addition to bitumen, also contain various clay mixtures. Industrial bitumen emulsions are used for making roof and floor insulation, and also used in the paper industry. Bitumen with penetration point 40-50 is used for roof and floor insulations, while very hard bitumen with a very high softening point is used in the paper industry.
Penetration Grade Bitumen
Penetration grade bitumens are specified by the penetration and softening point tests. The designation is by penetration range only, example, 40/60 pen bitumen has a penetration that ranges from 40 to 60 inclusive and a softening point of 480C to 560C.
The unit of penetration is given as a decimillimeter (dmm). This is the unit that is measured in the penetration test Notwithstanding, penetration grade bitumens are usually referred to without stating units. It is summarised here as per the below table.
| Property | Unit | Test Method | 250/330 | 160/200 | 100/150 | 70/100 | 50/70 | 40/60 | 35/50 | 30/45 | 20/30 |
| Penetration at 25Â oC | 0.1mm | EN 1426 | 250-330 | 160-220 | 100-150 | 70-100 | 50-70 | 40-60 | 35-50 | 30-45 | 20-30 |
| Softening Point | oC | EN 1427 | 30-38 | 35-43 | 39-47 | 43-51 | 46-54 | 48-56 | 50-58 | 52-60 | 55-63 |
| Change of Mass Maximum | % | – | 1 | 1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Retained Penetration Minimum | % | – | 35 | 37 | 43 | 46 | 50 | 50 | 53 | 53 | 55 |
| Softening Point after Hardening Minimum | oC | EN 1427 | 32 | 37 | 41 | 45 | 48 | 49 | 52 | 54 | 57 |
| Flash Point Minimum | oC | EN22592 | 220 | 220 | 230 | 230 | 230 | 230 | 240 | 240 | 240 |
| Solubility Minimum | % (m/m) | EN 12592 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 99 |
Specifications for paving grade bitumens with penetrations from 20 to 330 dmm
It refers to a number of European Standards that are relevant to the performance of paving grade bitumens. The majority of penetration grade bitumens produced are used in road construction. The tendency over the last decade of the twentieth century was to adopt harder bitumens that produce asphalts which have superior properties to those that are manufactured using the softer grades.
Oxidized Bitumen Grades
Oxidized Bitumen 85/25
Oxidized bitumens are used almost entirely for industrial applications, e.g., roofing, flooring, mastics, pipe coatings, paints, etc. They are specified and designated by reference to both softening point and penetration tests, e.g., 85/40 is an oxidized grade bitumen with a softening point of 85 ± 50C and a penetration of 40 ± 5 dmm.
Oxidized bitumens also have to comply with solubility and loss on heating criteria. The specification requirements for the six oxidized grade bitumens specified in the UK, reproduced here as below table.
| Properties | Test Method |
75/30 | 85/25 | 85/40 | 95/25 | 105/35 | 115/15 |
| Softening point oC | BS 2000: Part 58 | 75 ±5 | 85±5 | 85±5 | 95±5 | 105±5 | 115±5 |
| Penetration at 25 oC, DMM | BS 2000: Part 49 | 30 ±5 | 25±5 | 40±5 | 25±5 | 35±5 | 15±5 |
| Loss on heating for 5 h at 163 loss by mass %, max oC | BS 2000: Part 45 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Solubility in trichloroethylene % by mass, min | BS 2000: Part 47 | 99.5 | 99.5 | 99.5 | 99.5 | 99.5 | 99.5 |
Specification for oxidized bitumens
The softening points of oxidized grades of bitumen are much higher than those of the corresponding penetration grade bitumen and therefore
Cut Back Bitumen
Cutback bitumens are manufactured by blending either 70/100 pen or 160/220 pen bitumen with kerosene to comply with a viscosity specification. In the UK, cutback bitumens are specified and designated by the flow time (in seconds) through a standard tar viscometer
Three grades are available: 50 sec, 100 sec and 200 sec. The majority of cutback bitumen is used in surface dressing but a significant amount is also used for the manufacture of both standard and deferred set asphalts. In addition to STV tests and solubility, cutback bitumens have to comply with a distillation specification and a penetration requirement on the residual bitumen.
This ensures that during application and in service, the diluent will evaporate at a consistent and predictable rate and that the residual bitumen will have the appropriate properties in service. The suffix on the SHELPHALT range of cutback bitumens indicates that they have been doped with a specially formulated heat-stable passive adhesion agent.
This additive assists the wetting of the aggregate and resists stripping of the binder from the aggregate in the presence of water.
FAQs for your article on bitumen:
What Is Bitumen?
Bitumen is a viscous, black or brown petroleum-based substance derived from crude oil. It consists of hydrocarbons and other elements like sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
What Are the Main Types of Bitumen?
Main types include road construction bitumen, industrial bitumen, polymer-modified bitumen, oxidized bitumen, cutback bitumen, and bitumen emulsions.
What Are the Properties of Bitumen Used in Road Construction?
Road construction bitumen is characterized by its penetration and softening points, viscosity, and thermal properties, which determine its suitability for different climates and loads.
How Is Polymer-Modified Bitumen Different from Regular Bitumen?
Polymer-modified bitumen includes added polymers like SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene) to enhance flexibility, durability, and resistance to deformation, making it ideal for high-traffic roads.
What Are the Industrial Applications of Bitumen?
Industrial bitumen is used in roofing, insulation, pipe coatings, and various manufacturing processes due to its waterproofing and protective properties.
How Are Bitumen Emulsions Used in Construction?
Bitumen emulsions, consisting of bitumen, water, and emulsifiers, are used for cold applications in road construction and industrial insulation, offering ease of use and stability.
What Are Penetration Grade Bitumens?
Penetration grade bitumens are classified based on their penetration values (softness) and are primarily used in road construction to meet specific climate and traffic conditions.
What Are the Benefits of Oxidized Bitumen?
Oxidized bitumen, with higher softening points and lower penetration values, is used extensively in industrial applications such as roofing and mastics due to its enhanced durability.
How Is Cutback Bitumen Used Differently from Other Types?
Cutback bitumen is bitumen blended with a solvent (like kerosene) to adjust its viscosity for specific applications like surface dressing and asphalt manufacturing.
What Factors Influence the Quality of Bitumen?
Quality is influenced by the crude oil source, refining process, chemical composition, and the addition of modifiers like polymers or solvents, which tailor its properties for different uses.
